Because housing affordability has proven to be an ongoing challenge in the United States, there is renewed interest in European-style social housing. While the German, Swiss…
This paper is the second part of a study on the Dutch social housing system. The first paper traced the history of the system. Nonprofit housing associations (called…
Social housing makes up 29 percent of the total housing stock in the Netherlands. These social units, which in 2022 rented for an average of €560 per month (or about $600),…
Social housing makes up 29 percent of the total housing stock in the Netherlands. While the definition of “social housing” has changed over the last 120 years, as of 2022 it…
While energy consumption in new homes is decreasing thanks to stricter building codes, there is a dearth of performance standards for retrofits to older residences and those…
Energy consumption in new construction is decreasing thanks to stricter building codes, but few codes limit emissions of existing buildings, particularly in existing homes.…
